ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II - CHEM 2325

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COURSE DESCRIPTION (catalog description)

CHEM 2325 Organic Chemistry II (4-0-3) This course is a continuation of CHEM 2323. Topics include aromatics, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, nitrogen compounds, and biomolecules. Reactions and synthesis will be emphasized with a brief introduction to spectral analysis. Prerequisite: CHEM 2323 and CHEM 2123.

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REQUIRED TEXT/MANUALS

Organic Chemistry - Morrison and Boyd (latest edition)

Organic Laboratory Procedures - Wheet (latest edition)

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COURSE OUTLINE

Aromaticity - Benzene

• Aliphatic and aromatic Compounds
• Structure of benzene
• Stability of benzene
• Resonance structure of benzene
• Reactions of benzene
  • nitration
  • sulfonation
  • halogenation
  • Friedel-Craft alkylation
  • oxidation
• Nomenclature of benzene derivatives
  • mono-substituted special compounds
  • di-substituted
• Polysubstituted
• Polynuclear hydrocarbons

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

• Introduction
• Reactions
• Effect of substituent groups
• Determination of orientation
• Determination of relative reactivity
• Classification of substituent groups
• Orientation of disubstituted benzenes
• Orientation and synthesis

 

Aromatic - Aliphatic Compounds. Arenes and Their Derivatives.

• The aromatic ring as a substituent
• Aromatic-aliphatic hydrocarbons: arenes
• Structure and nomenclature of arenes and their derivatives
• Physical properties
• Industrial source of alkylbenzenes
• Preparation of alkylbenzenes
• Friedel-Crafts alkylation mechanism
• Limitations of Friedel-Craft
• Rearrangement
• Reactions of alkylbenzenes
  • Hydrogenation
  • Oxidation of alkylbenzenes
  • Halogenation of alkylbenzenes: ring vs. side chain
  • Side-chain halogenation of alkylbenzenes
• Preparation of alkenylbenzenes. 
• Reactions of alkenylbenzenes.

Spectroscopy and Structure

• Mass spec
• Infrared
• uv-visible
• Nuclear magnetic resonance

Aldehydes and Ketones

• Structure
• Nomenclature
• Physical properties
• Preparation of Aldehydes
  • Oxidation of primary alcohols
  • Oxidation of methyl benzenes
  • Reduction of acid chlorides
• Preparation of ketones 
  • Oxidation of secondary alcohols
  • Friedel-Crafts acylation
  • Reaction of acid chlorides with organocopper compounds
• Mechanism of Friedel-Crafts acylation
• Reactions. Nucleophilic addition
  • Oxidation
  • Reduction
  • Addition of cyanide
  • Addition of alcohols. Acetal formation
  • Addition of Grignard reagents
  • Products of the Grignard synthesis
  • Planning a Grignard synthesis
  • Synthesis using alcohols

Carboxylic Acids

• Structure
• Nomenclature
• Physical properties
• Salts of carboxylic acids 
• Industrial source
• Preparation
• Grignard synthesis
• Nitrile synthesis
• Reactions
• Conversion into acid chlorides
• Conversion into esters
• Conversion into amides
• Reduction of acids to alcohols
• Halogenation of aliphatic acids. Substituted acids
• Dicarboxylic acids
• Equilibrium

Functional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids. Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution

• Structure
• Nomenclature
• Physical properties
• Acid chlorides
• Preparation of acid chlorides
• Reactions of acid chlorides
• Acid anhydrides
• Preparation of acid anhydrides
• Reactions of acid anhydrides
• Amides
• Preparation of amides
• Reactions of amides
• Esters
• Preparation of esters
• Reactions of esters

Amines I. Preparation and Physical Properties

• Structure
• Classification
• Nomenclature
• Physical properties of amines
• Industrial source
• Preparation

Amines II. Reactions

• Reactions
  • Basicity
  • Alkylation
  • Conversion into amides
• Diazonium salts

Phenols

• Structure and nomenclature
• Physical properties
• Industrial source
• Preparation
• Reactions

Macromolecules. Polymers and Polymerization

• Introduction
• Polymers and polymerization
• Polymerization
• Chain reaction polymerization
• Step reaction polymerization
• Structure and properties of macromolecules
• Fibers
• Elastomers
• Plastics

Lipids, Fats and Steroids

• The organic chemistry of biomolecules
• Occurrence and composition of fats
• Simple lipids
• Compound lipids
• Derived lipids
• Hydrolysis of fats. Soap. Micelles.
• Detergents
• Unsaturated fats. Hardening of oils. Drying oils
• Waxes
• Steroids
• Fat soluble vitamins
• Prostaglandins

Carbohydrates 

• Introduction
• Definition and classification
• Disaccharides
• (+)-Maltose
• (+)-Cellobiose
• (+)-Lactose
• (+)-Sucrose
• Polysaccharides
• Starch
• Structure of amylose
• Structure of amylopectin
• Structure of cellulose

Proteins and Amino Acids

• Proteins
• Structure of amino acids
• Peptides. Geometry of the peptide linkage
• Structure of proteins
• Peptide chain
• Electrophoresis
• Determination of primary structure

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids
• DNA
• RNA
• Protein synthesis
• DNA replication
• Chemistry and heredity. The genetic code